Strut and tie

支柱和TIE建模（STM）是一种简单的方法，可以有效地表达复杂的应力模式为三角模型。STM基于桁架类比，可以应用于混凝土结构的许多元素。它通常用于设计非标准元素或混凝土结构元素的一部分，例如桩盖，螺旋帽，深梁（其中深度> span/3），带有孔的光束，连接等。申请。

STM is a powerful engineering tool where the engineer stays in control. With a reasonable amount of experience, it can help design engineers provide simple engineering solutions to complex structural problems.

Possibly due to the lack of previous applicable design standards, STM was not popular in the UK and its use was generally limited. However, Eurocode 2 now includes STM, allowing and perhaps encouraging its more widespread use. Even so, there is little simple guidance within Eurocode 2 or indeed elsewhere. The intention of The Concrete Centre publication,支撑车模型is therefore to give guidance and impart understanding of the method.

STM is a lower bound plastic theory which means it is safe providing that:

  • 满足平衡。
  • 拥有足够的延性结构the assumed struts and ties to develop.
  • Struts and ties are proportioned to resist their design forces.

The design process for strut-and-tie models can be summarised into four main stages:

  1. Define and isolate B- and D- regions (i.e. beam or Bernoulli and disturbed or discontinuity regions).
  2. Develop a STM - a truss system to represent the stress flow through the D-region and calculate the member forces in the truss.
  3. Design the members of the STM - dimension and design the truss members to resist the design forces.
  4. Iterate to optimise the STM as necessary to minimise strain energy.

These four steps are explained in the first four sections of The Concrete Centre guidance支撑车模型.
下面显示了一个非常简单的示例，该示例是两柱盖的撑杆和领带设计。

Extract fromStrut and Tie Models, page 3.

A For clarity, the self-weight of the pile cap assumed to be included.
B Although not usually critical for pile caps in a structural grade of concrete, in a full final design the stresses around the nodes and the capacity of the struts should be checked.
C Some attention should also be given to reinforcement details, particularly anchorage which, when using strut and tie, is different to that using beam theory.